The mechanisms of work hardening, recovery, recrystallization and grain growth will be discussed, together with the accompanying changes in microstructure and mechanical properties. The various factors that influence annealing behaviour will be considered and mention will be made of stress relief annealing, preferred orientation, the "orange peel" effect and cold versus hot working. The characteristics of the major working processes, namely, sheet, strip and rod rolling, wire and tube drawing, sheet metal forming and extrusion will be reviewed. The principles of friction and lubrication will be discussed briefly and examples of typical lubricants used in deformation processing will be given. Finally, the causes and prevention of defects in wrought products will be discussed.

Author: Mark Grimwade